Book Forum: Leftism Reinvented by Stephanie Mudge

The neoliberal period (centering on 1995) also has a problem with Germany. It would have been helpful if Mudge had used the Millsian method of difference or even better concomitant variation rather than the method of agreement. The method of agreement largely assumes that all the countries are the same in neoliberalism. As only the US positive scores are reported, it is hard to know what the other three countries are on the scale. I would expect all left parties to become more neoliberal (as per her combined regime scores show), but I would contend that Germany is the least neoliberal country of the four. In reporting both left economic experts and political campaign experts, the other countries are well covered, but when it comes to Germany it is hard to find neoliberal economists on the left, and the campaign experts only come to two and one of them is McKinsey in the US. The problem goes further with Germany since Helmut Kohl, though an apparent neoliberal, had tough sledding getting neoliberal policies passed through the Bundestag. Further, other Chancellors did not revoke worker power in revoking codetermination on corporate boards, and elected works councils in firms along with larger scale trade unions. Another issue is the use of active labor market policies in periods 2 and 3. Clearly, Keynesian policies operated directly to create job training, job placement and job creation policies. While they were cut in the US, they continued to function in Sweden and Germany, though at a smaller level. Because of this, she misses the role of economists to invalidate claims for job creation based on substitution effects, which is an important part of neoliberal ideology. While all these countries may have moved towards neoliberalism in their left parties, some countries moved much further than others did. Here it would be helpful to see the scores for all four countries to see exactly where they moved. I suspect it moved much less than the others despite the Hartz IV reforms, which pale in comparison to the deep cuts in the welfare state in the US.