The book convincingly argues that prior to the 1930s, European party theoreticians were college educated socialists influencing party policies and language through socialist party institutional channels, like newspapers. The rise of Keynesian economist theoreticians from 1930-1960 is explained through party theorists’ unwillingness to let go of fiscal orthodoxy in the interest of maintaining left party legitimacy when states could no longer fund social insurance and welfare programs on a balanced budget. Economists were liberal academics who served parties by adjusting economic analyses to political imperatives. Transnational processes within the economic profession spread this trend.